Daño nasal por abuso de cocaína. Reporte de caso clínico / Nasal damage cocaine abuse. Case report

La cocaína proviene de la hoja de coca, es una sustancia que cuando se consume por la vía inhalatoria puede producir lesiones graves a nivel nasal, con lesiones que se inician a nivel de la mucosa, perforación septal, con pérdida del soporte a nivel de la punta nasal, retracción alar, compromiso de y retracción de ambas alas, planos de cobertura y piso de fosas nasales. La reconstrucción es un desafío para el cirujano plástico. Abarcando un arsenal terapéutico que va desde solo confeccionar un marco cartilaginoso para soporte de la columela y dorso nasal con costilla, hasta cobertura interna y externa con colgajos más sofisticados. Creemos que estos pacientes para su tratamiento deben presentar conocimiento de que es un camino largo que requiere muchos tiempos quirúrgicos y que en estadios avanzados la cobertura de mucosa es el mayor desafío.

Cocaine comes from the coca leaf, it is a substance that when consumed by inhalation can cause serious injuries to the nose. With lesions that start at the level of the mucosa, septal perforation, with loss of support at the level of the nasal tip, alar retraction, compromise and retraction of both wings, coverage planes, and floor of the nostrils. Reconstruction is a challenge for the plastic surgeon. A therapeutic arsenal that goes from just making a cartilaginous framework to support the columella and nasal dorsum with rib, to internal and external coverage with more sophisticated flaps. We believe that in order to treat these patients, they must be aware that it is a long road that requires many surgical times and that in advanced stages mucosal coverage is the greatest challenge

Experiencia en el manejo y tratamiento de lesiones tipo degloving en el Centro Nacional de Quemados, Montevideo, Uruguay / Experience in the management and treatment of degloving injuries at the National Burn Center, Montevideo, Uruguay

Introducción. Las lesiones tipo degloving o avulsiones extensas de partes blandas representan un desafío para el equipo médico tratante. Es fundamental el adecuado manejo de estos pacientes dada la alta morbilidad. Objetivos. Estudio de las lesiones tipo degloving de partes blandas tratados en el Centro Nacional de Quemados, su manejo y tratamiento en los últimos 18 años. Analizar la situación actual de estas heridas a fin de proporcionar herramientas para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención y tratamiento. Materiales y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo período enero 2004 - enero 2022, análisis de base de datos del Centro Nacional de Quemados del Hospital de Clínicas, Montevideo, Uruguay, incluyendo todos los ingresos por degloving extensos de partes blandas Resultados. La población estuvo compuesta por 38 pacientes, en su mayoría con lesiones por siniestro de tránsito (92,1%) en rol peatón (57,9%). Se encontró una tasa de complicaciones de 55,3% y una mortalidad de 15,8%. Se vio asociación entre complicaciones infecciosas y mortalidad y entre cultivo positivo al ingreso y demora en el ingreso al centro de quemados. Conclusiones. Las lesiones graves de miembros inferiores se han presentado con elevada tasa de mortalidad y de complicaciones infecciosas. Estas complicaciones se asociaron con un mayor tiempo de internación. Las complicaciones infecciosas a su vez se asociaron con la mortalidad, igual que la extensión lesional.

Introduction. Degloving injuries or extensive soft tissue avulsions represent a challenge for the medical team. Proper management of these patients is essential given the high morbidity. Objectives. To study of soft tissue degloving injuries treated at the National Burn Center, their management and treatment in the last 18 years. To analyze the current situation of these injuries in order to provide tools for development of prevention and treatment strategies. Materials and methods. Retrospective study from January 2004 to January 2022, database analysis of the National Burn Center of "Hospital de Clínicas" (Montevideo-Uruguay), including all admissions for extensive soft tissue degloving. Results. The population consisted of 38 patients, mostly with injuries due to traffic accidents (92.1%) of which 57.9% were pedestrians. A complication rate of 55.3% and a mortality of 15.8% were found. An association arised between infectious complications and mortality and between a positive culture on admission and a delay in time to enter to the National Burn Center. Conclusions. Lower limbs severe injuries have presented a high rate of mortality and infectious complications. These complications were associated with a longer hospital stay. Infectious complications, in turn, were associated with mortality, as well as the extent of lesions.

Luxação dorsal complexa da articulação metacarpofalangeana dos dedos longos: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Complex dorsal dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the long fingers: case report and literature review

As luxações dorsais da articulação metacarpofalangeana dos dedos são lesões raras, vistas com mais frequência em pacientes jovens, secundárias a trauma por hiperextensão forçada do dedo na mão que estende. São classificadas como simples, quando a redução fechada é possível; ou complexas, quando a redução por métodos fechados não é possível devido à interposição de estruturas periarticulares. É importante distinguir entre uma luxação simples e uma complexa porque sua abordagem e tratamento são diferentes. O objetivo deste estudo é atualizar a abordagem clínica e as diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas no tratamento das luxações complexas. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a luxação dorsal metacarpofalangeana dos dedos longos, excluindo os do polegar, incluindo o Medline (interface PubMed), SciELO e bancos de dados acadêmicos do Google. Todos os artigos revisados concluem que as tentativas de redução incruenta nesses tipos de lesões costumam ser malsucedidas e levar a complicações adicionais. A redução cirúrgica aberta é o método de escolha, permitindo a recuperação anatômica articular com o menor risco de complicações. A imobilização pós-operatória com uma tala de travamento dorsal é recomendada por duas semanas, seguida por reabilitação por terapia ocupacional, esperando-se uma amplitude de movimento normal em seis semanas. A baixa frequência somada ao desconhecimento do médico emergencista ao realizar a manobra de redução pode, muitas vezes, levar à transformação de um simples deslocamento em complexo, tornando-o irredutível e lesionando estruturas adjacentes, por isso, acreditamos ser fundamental conhecer o manejo desta lesão.

Dorsal dislocations of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the fingers are rare injuries that are seen more frequently in young patients secondary to trauma due to forced hyperextension of the finger on the extending hand. They are classified as simple when closed reduction is possible, or complex when reduction by closed methods is not possible given the interposition of peri-articular structures. It is important to distinguish between a simple and complex dislocation because their approach and treatment differ. The objective of this study is to update the clinical approach and the different surgical techniques used in the treatment of complex dislocations. We conducted a bibliographic review on metacarpophalangeal dorsal dislocation of the long fingers, excluding those of the thumb, including the Medline (PubMed interface), SciELO and academic google databases. All the articles reviewed conclude that attempts at closed reduction in these types of injuries are often unsuccessful and often lead to additional complications. Open surgical reduction is the method of choice, allowing joint anatomical recovery with the lowest risk of complications. Postoperative immobilization using a dorsal locking splint is recommended for two weeks followed by rehabilitation by occupational therapy, expecting a normal range of motion at six weeks. The low frequency added to the ignorance of the emergency physician when performing the reduction maneuver can often lead to transform a simple dislocation into a complex one, making it irreducible and injuring adjacent structures, which is why we believe it is essential to know the management of this injury.

Estudio de las heridas por amoladora tratadas en el Hospital de Clínicas y Hospital Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay / Grinder injuries treated at the Clínicas and Pasteur Hospital of Montevideo, Uruguay / Estudo das lesões por esmerilhadeira tratadas no Hospital de Clínicas e Hospital Pasteur, Montevidéu, Uruguai

Resumen: Introducción: las heridas causadas por amoladora representan una consulta frecuente al cirujano plástico en nuestro país. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron conocer la epidemiología de los pacientes que consultaban con estas lesiones, conocer las circunstancias del accidente y estudiar si existía relación entre las condiciones de uso de la herramienta y la gravedad de las lesiones. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, donde se recabaron los datos de los pacientes que consultaban por heridas por amoladora en las puertas de emergencia de Hospital Pasteur y Hospital de Clínicas en un período de 6 meses. Resultados: un total de 76 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio, la mayoría de sexo masculino, en edad laboral activa (39 a 58 años) dedicados a la realización de trabajos temporales o tareas de construcción, con bajo nivel de instrucción. El 84% de las heridas fueron graves. El 61% de los pacientes no utilizó los elementos de seguridad de la herramienta al momento del accidente. La mayoría de las lesiones se produjeron fuera del ambiente laboral. Conclusiones: en base a nuestro trabajo pudimos establecer el perfil epidemiológico de la población más susceptible de sufrir estas lesiones. Comprobamos que las heridas producidas por amoladora son en su mayoría graves y requieren procedimientos complejos para su resolución.

Summary: Introduction: grinder injuries represent a large number of consultations for plastic surgeons in our country. This study aims to learn about the epidemiological characteristics of patients who consulted for these lesions and the circumstances of the accidents, and to analyze whether there is a relationship between the conditions for tool use and the severity of lesions. Methodology: we conducted a retrospective, descriptive, transversal study where we collected data from the patients who consulted for grinder injuries at the emergency departments of Pasteur and Clínicas Hospital during a 6-month period. Results: seventy-six patients were included in the study, most of which were male working adults (between 39 and 58 years-old) who had temporary jobs or were performing construction works and had low levels of education. 84% of lesions were severe. 61% of patients did not respect safety regulations at the time of the accident. Most lesions occurred out of working hours. Conclusions: based on our study, we could identify the epidemiological profile of the most vulnerable population for this kind of lesions. We proved that most grinder lesions are severe and their management requires complex procedures.

Resumo: Introdução: as lesões causadas por esmerilhadeira são causa frequente de consulta ao cirurgião plástico no Uruguai. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram conhecer as características dos pacientes que consultaram com essas lesões, conhecer as circunstâncias do acidente e analisar a possível relação entre as condições de uso da ferramenta e a gravidade das lesões. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo descritivo, transversal, onde foram coletados dados de pacientes que consultaram por lesões de esmerilhadeira no pronto-socorro do Hospital Pasteur e Hospital de Clínicas durante um período de 6 meses. Resultados: foram incluídos no estudo 76 pacientes, a maioria do sexo masculino, em idade ativa para trabalhar (39 a 58 anos) dedicados à realização de trabalhos temporários ou trabalhos na construção civil, com baixo nível de escolaridade. 84% dos ferimentos foram graves. 61% dos pacientes não utilizaram os elementos de segurança da ferramenta no momento do acidente. A maioria das lesões ocorreu fora do ambiente de trabalho. Conclusões: com base em nosso trabalho conseguimos estabelecer o perfil da população mais suscetível a esses agravos. Constatamos que a maioria das lesões causadas por esmerilhadeiras são graves, exigindo procedimentos complexos para sua resolução.

Plastic surgery training in Ibero-Latin America: A cross-sectional survey study.

Ibero-Latin American countries share a common background, similar cultures and historical experiences. Despite this, plastic surgery training presents striking differences among these countries. The aim of this survey-based study was to provide a general overview of plastic surgery training in this region. Results showed a great heterogeneity of training programs which confirms that plastic surgery education is very diverse in terms of requirements, programs content and duration, evaluations and certifying authorities. Standardization of these programs will surely improve the interaction between the different training centers, thus facilitating collaboration and academic exchange. Additionally, this will pave the way for the automatic recognition of degrees for those interested in working in other countries of the region.

Tres casos de complicación por inyecciones de silicona líquida en mamas / Three cases of complication for liquid silicone injections in breasts

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Desde que se popularizó en 1960 el uso de inyecciones de silicona líquida para aumento mamario, su uso continúa como práctica clandestina a pesar de las complicaciones ampliamente documentadas y de que nunca se aprobó como material de relleno con fines estéticos. Analizamos 3 casos documentados con el fin de compartir el tratamiento quirúrgico usado en nuestro Servicio. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Presentamos 3 casos clínicos severos de mastitis por silicona líquida en la Cátedra de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética del Hospital de Clínicas en Montevideo, Uruguay. Revisamos las historias clínicas y seguimiento posoperatorio y llevamos a cabo una revisión bibliográfica consultando PubMed y SciELO en enero de 2020. RESULTADOS: El tiempo promedio de aparición de las complicaciones mayores fue de 17 años. Los síntomas comunes incluyeron mastitis de repetición, dolor intenso, nódulos palpables y deformidad en las mamas. En todos los casos se hizo reconstrucción mamaria con material aloplástico; en una paciente se asoció reconstrucción con colgajo tóracodorsal de Holmström. Los resultados estéticos fueron aceptables, con disminución de la deformidad y remisión del dolor. De la búsqueda bibliográfica seleccionamos un total de 24 artículos. CONCLUSIONES: Las complicaciones por inyección de silicona líquida en las mamas frecuentemente aparecen después de años. El tratamiento quirúrgico ideal es la resección de la mayor cantidad posible de tejido infiltrado por la silicona para evitar recidivas. Tanto la reconstrucción mamaria con materiales aloplásticos como con tejidos autólogos son opciones reconstructivas válidas a considerar de acuerdo a cada caso clínico. Finalmente planteamos el algoritmo de tratamiento para estos casos usado en nuestro Servicio

BACKGRAUND AND OBJECTIVE: Since it became popular in 1960, the use of liquid silicone injections for breast augmentation has continued as a clandestine practice, despite widely documented complications and that it was never approved as filler for cosmetic purposes. We report 3 clinical cases in order to share the surgical treatment used in our Service. METHODS: We present 3 severe clinical cases of liquid silicone mastitis in the Chair of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery of the Hospital de Clínicas in Montevideo, Uruguay. Reviews of the medical records and controls in polyclinic were performed and a bibliographic review was carried out consulting PubMed and SciELO in January 2020. RESULTS: The average time of onset of complications was 17 years. Common symptoms include recurrent mastitis, severe pain, palpable nodules and breast deformity. In all cases, breast reconstructions were performed with alloplastic materials; in one patient the use of reconstruction with the Holmström thoracodorsal flap technique was associated. Acceptable aesthetic results, decreased deformity and remission of pain were obtained. From the results obtained in the bibliographic search, a total of 24 articles were selected. CONCLUSIONS: Complications from liquid silicone injection into the breast often appear after years. The ideal surgical treatment consists of the resection of the largest number of tissues infiltrated with silicone to avoid recurrences. Both breast reconstruction with alloplastic materials and autologous tissues are valid as reconstructive options that should be considered according to each clinical case

Modelos de impresión tridimensional en la planificación preoperatoria y en la enseñanza académica de las fracturas mandibulares / Three-Dimensional printing models in the preoperative planning and academic education of mandible fractures

Introducción y Objetivo: Los constantes avances de la ciencia han permitido materializar imágenes de diseño para la creación de objetos físicos tridimensionales en un abanico de aplicaciones diversas. Su uso en Medicina ha sido rápidamente difundido con resultados inimaginables, con la creación de modelos anatómicos reales. El alto costo y poco acceso a las impresoras estereolitográfícas nos obliga a buscar otras alternativas de menor costo para la impresión de modelos tridimensionales de buena calidad y definición. La aparición del las impresoras por tecnología de modelado por deposición fundida (FDM) ha permitido incorporar el uso de modelos de menor costo, más accesibles y más disponibles para el ámbito de la Medicina. Presentamos y evaluamos el uso de la impresión tridimensional con tecnología FDM en la fabricación de modelos en tres dimensiones (3D) que puedan ser usados en la planificación preoperatoria de fracturas de mandíbula y en el entrenamiento de residentes. Material y Método: Estudiamos 8 pacientes con fracturas mandibulares. La evaluación incluyó la realización de tomografía computarizada. Las imágenes digitales tomográficas fueron convertidas a formato STL (estereolitográfico) y posteriormente llevada a cabo la impresión en ácido poliláctico con el uso de una impresora FDM (modelado por deposición fundida) de código abierto fabricada en Uruguay. Los modelos obtenidos fueron evaluados rigurosamente en un ámbito académico y usados para el entrenamiento de los residentes en habilidades manuales y en la planificación preoperatoria de los pacientes. Se realizó el análisis detallado de las fracturas, efectuando la selección y premoldeado de placas y tornillos de osteosíntesis para la fijación de las mismas. Resultados: Obtuvimos modelos a escala real en proporción 1:1. Todas las mediciones fueron concordantes, las placas premoldeadas se adaptaron perfectamente al paciente en el intraoperatorio y los tornillos seleccionados fueron precisos en las longitudes seleccionadas. El tiempo anestésico-quirúrgico se redujo un 20%. Residentes y docentes se mostraron satisfechos con el uso de los modelos para la discusión clínica de los pacientes y para la planificación preoperatoria, destacando las ventajas de manipular modelos hápticos frente imágenes. Conclusiones: Creamos modelos de bajo costo, buena calidad, confiables y precisos, para la planificación preoperatoria de fracturas mandibulares, logrando reducir los tiempos operatorios y mejorando la enseñanza académica en la formación de residentes de Cirugía Plástica

Background and Objective: The constant advances of science have allowed materializing images for the creation of three-dimensional physical objects in a range of diverse applications. Its use in Medicine has been rapidly disseminated with unimaginable results, with the creation of real anatomical models. The high cost and little access to stereolithographic printers forces us to look for other lower cost alternatives for the printing of three-dimensional models of good quality and definition. The emergence of the printers with fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology has allowed incorporating the use of models of lower cost, more accessible and more available for the medicine field. We present and evaluate the use of three-dimensional printing with FDM technology in the manufacture of models in three dimensions (3D) that can be used in the preoperative planning of mandible fractures and in the residents training. Methods: We studied 8 patients with mandible fractures. The initial assessment included computed tomography imaging study, and the digital file was processed into stereo lithography format. After this, the model was printed in polylactic acid using an open source fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology printer manufactured in Uruguay. The resulting models were carefully evaluated and used for academic training. Different pre-operatory approaches were studied, analyzing fracture patterns and enabling a precise selection of osteosynthesis plates and screws according to the characteristics of each patient. Results: We achieved a real scale with a 1:1 proportion models. All measurements were concordant, pre-bended plates were perfectly adapted to the patient during surgery, and the screws had an accurate longitudinal measure. Total operative time was 20% reduced. Plastic Surgery teachers and residents were satisfied using the models for preoperative clinical discussion and planning, emphasizing the advantage of manipulating real scale models compared to three-dimensional imaging. Conclusions: We have created models of low cost, high quality and accuracy, for the pre-operatory planning of mandible fracture reconstruction, accomplishing to reduce surgical time and improving the academic learning of the plastic surgery residents

Quemaduras autoinfligidas en el Centro Nacional de Quemados / Self-inflicted burns at the National Burns Center

Las lesiones por quemaduras son un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. En Uruguay las quemaduras autoinfligidas son una causa importante de ingreso de quemados críticos y de riesgo al Centro Nacional de Quemados (CENAQUE). El objetivo es describir el perfil epidemiológico de pacientes ingresados en el CENAQUE en general, y en particular de aquellos con quemaduras autoinfligidas, incluyendo sus indicadores biológicos, demográficos y hospitalarios. Método: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional realizado en el CENAQUE desde 1995 a 2015. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes quemados del CENAQUE y seleccionamos el grupo con quemaduras autoinfligidas para el análisis particular. Se describen: edad, sexo, origen geográfico, procedencia institucional, agente causal, porcentaje de superficie corporal total quemada (SCTQ), profundidad y topografía de quemaduras, injuria inhalatoria, patología psiquiátrica, antecedente de intento de autoeliminación, alcoholismo, tiempo de internación y letalidad. Resultado: se registraron 2.723 ingresos al CENAQUE; 275 pacientes con quemaduras autoinfligidas (10% del total): 57% hombres, con promedio de edad de 40 años; 37% registraba intento de autoeliminación (IAE) previo, 57% patología psiquiátrica y 18% alcoholismo. Presentaron injuria inhalatoria 54%, requiriendo 33 días de internación promedio, con 33% de mortalidad. Conclusiones: los pacientes con quemaduras autoinfligidas fueron en su mayoría hombres, con promedio de edad de 40 años y antecedente de patología psiquiátrica, predominando la cobertura por la Administración de los Servicios de Salud del Estado. La mayoría presentó injuria inhalatoria, un tercio fueron grandes quemados, registrando una mortalidad de 33%.

Burn related surgeries are a global health problem. In Uruguay, self-inflicted burns are an important cause of admission of critical and at risk burned patients to the National Burns Center (CENAQUE). The study aims to describe the epidemiological profile of patients admitted to the CENAQUE in general, and in particular, those who are admitted due to self-inflicted burns, including their biological, demographic and hospital-related indicators. Method: retrospective, descriptive and observational study conducted at the CENAQUE from 1995 to 2015. All burned patients at the CENAQUE were included in the study, and also a group with self-inflicted burns were selected to analyse the cases in detail. Age, sex, geographical background, medical institution, cause of burn, total body surface area affected by burns (TBSA), depth and topography of burns, inhalation injury, psychiatric disorder, history of suicide attempt, alcohol abuse, hospital stay day and mortality were described. Results: 2.723 admissions were recorded at the CENAQUE 275 patients were admitted with self-inflicted burns (10% of total number of cases): 57% men, average age was 40 years old. 37% had a history of previous suicide attempts, 57% had psychiatric disorders and 18% alcohol abuse. 54% evidenced inhalation injury, requiring 33 hospital stay days and mortality accounted for 33%. Conclusions: most patients with self-inflicted burns were men, average age was 40 years old and had a history of psychiatric disorders. Also, the vast majority´s health insurance was covered by the National Administration of Health Services. Most of them also evidenced inhalation injuries, a third of which consisted of severely burned patients, mortality being 33%.

As lesões por queimaduras são um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. No Uruguai as queimaduras auto provocadas são uma causa considerável de ingresso de queimados críticos e de risco ao Centro Nacional de Quemados (CE.NA.QUE). O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes ingressados ao CE.NA.QUE de maneira geral, e emparticular aqueles com queimaduras auto provocadas, incluindo seus indicadores biológicos, demográficos e hospitalares. Método: é um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e observacional, realizado no CE.NA.QUE no período 1995-2015. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes queimados atendidos no CE.NA.QUE sendo que o grupo com queimaduras auto provocadas foi selecionado para análise especial. Foram incluídos os dados relativos à idade, sexo, origem geográfica, procedência institucional, agente causal, porcentagem de superfície corporal total queimada (SCTQ), profundidade e topografia de queimaduras, lesão inalatória, patologia psiquiátrica, antecedente de tentativa de suicídio, alcoolismo, tempo de internação e letalidade. Resultado: foram registrados 2.723 ingressos ao CE.NA.QUE. sendo que 275 eram pacientes com queimaduras auto provocadas (10% do total): 57% eram homens, com idade média de 40 anos. 37% registravam tentativas de suicídios prévias, 57% patologia psiquiátrica e 18% alcoolismo. 54% apresentavam lesão inalatória, sendo necessário um período médio de internação de 33 dias y 33% de mortalidade. Conclusões: a maioria dos pacientes comqueimaduras auto provocadas eram homens, com idade média de 40 anos e antecedentes de patologia psiquiátrica, predominando o plano de saúde público da Administración de Servicios de Salud del Estado (ASSE). A maioria apresentou lesão inalatória, um terço foram grandes queimados, registrando-se uma mortalidade de 33%.

The extended brow lift: the toucan technique.

Brow ptosis is the main consequence of aging in the upper third of the face. Many methods have been described to correct it: skin excisions of the brow hairline, skin excisions of the forehead natural creases, skin trimmings of the temporal, coronal, or forehead hairline flaps, and endoscopic methods [1,15,17,18,24,26,27]. The authors created a procedure which is based on a forehead-temporal subcutaneous flap and a muscular relocation. It treats the brow ptosis and its surrounding area-temporal ptosis, upper and lower lateral eyelid ptosis, crow's feet-and at the same time improves the sclera show or ectropion. The method preserves the sideburn and the temporal hairline and can reduce the width between the temporal hairline and the lateral end of the eyebrow. The method produces maximum improvement, with high-quality scars and minimal evidence of surgery. The procedure is called "The Toucan Technique," due to the shape of the skin resection which looks like a toucan bird [11,13,14].

The double pocket technique: aesthetic breast augmentation.

A subglandular versus a subpectoral pocket for breast prostheses has been a subject of discussion over the past quarter century. In 1994, in order to increase the volume, enhance the shape, and improve the breast projection, the authors [1,2,3][1-3] used a procedure that took advantage of the virtual spaces found in the breast anatomy, simultaneously utilizing the subglandular and subpectoral areas by locating the prostheses in a double pocket on both sides of the pectoral muscle, joined through a gentle muscle buttonhole.